handwritten notes of Contemporary South Asia [political science] class 12th 'humanities'

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HANDWRITTEN NOTES

CLASS 12TH 'HUMANITIES'
POLITICAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER 5
CONTEMPORARY SOUTH - ASIA






Meaning of South Asia-  The expression 'South Asia' usually includes the following countries: (i) Bangladesh 
(ii) India 
(iii) The Maldives 
(iv) Nepal 
(v) Pakistan
(vi) Bhutan 
(vii) Sri Lanka.

• South Asia stands for diversity in every  sense and yet constitutes one geo-political space.

Despite the mixed record of the democratic experience ,the people in all these   countries share the aspiration for democracy .

Following are the three arguments in support of this statement:

(i) A survey was done recordly to know the attitudes of the people in the five big countries of South Asia . This survey clearly showed that there was widespread support for democracy in all these countries.

(ii) Ordinary citizens, including rich as well as poor belonging to various religions consider the idea of democracy positively and assist the institutions of representative democracy. Two graphs, based on interview, clearly show the trend.

(iii) These graphs show that the ordinary citizens prefer democracy over any other form of governance.they also  think that democracy is suitable for their country  These eye opening findings blast the old myth that democracy could flourish and find popularity only in rich countries of the world. In this perspective  the South Asian experience of democracy has enhanced the global concept of democracy.

Q-  Democracy is an accepted norm in entire region of Asia. How ?






•The Military And Democracy In Pakistan
  • After Pakistan framed its first constitution. 
  • General Ayub Khan took over the administration of the country and soon got himself elected. He had to give up office when there was popular due to dissatisfaction against his rule.
  •  Once again under General Yahya khan. During Yahya Khan's military rule Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis, and after a  war with India in 1971,East Pakistan broke away to emerge as an  an independent country called Bangladesh.
  • An elected gouvenment under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977.
  • The Bhutto government was removed by General zia - ul Haq in 1977. General Zia faced a pro- democracy  movement from 1982 onwards and an elected democratic government was established once again in 1988, under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto. 
  • Pakistani politics centred around the competition between her party, the Pakistan's People Party and the Muslim League.
  •  This phase of elective democracy lasted till 1999, when the army stepped in again and General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
  • In 2001, General Musharraf got himself elected as the President. 
  • Pakistan continues to be ruled by the army, though the army rulers have held some elections to give their rule a democratic image.





•Pakistan's failure in building a stable democracy
(1) It is mainly Jinnah's shrewd and self centred mechanism in politics which sowed the seed of separatism / factionalism first in India and then started harvesting its crop in Pakistan. It misguided severely people there through ambivalence in laws, systems and constitution as well.

(ii) She has become a fantastic state that would put at stake lives of people, economy and all that She had but it should cause harm to India. It's actually climax growth of Jinnah's negative framework of the politics.

(iii) On account of sheer influence of Jinnah, people there play mesmerism with the system as Jinnah did during his stay in India. It is noticeable that he played hide and seek till the Mountbatten Plan was brought in and constituent assembly was about to be constituted.This hide and seek we see there returned now in the form  of military rule and restriction of democracy.

(iv) She is now merely a puppet in the hands of USA and other Western countries. 

(v) In Pakistan the elected governments were frequently toppled due to social dominance of the military, clergy and landowning aristocracy. Pakistan's conflict with the India has given more power to the pro- military  groups. These military groups always condemned the political parties and democracy also justified army's stay in power.

(vi) The absence of serious international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has certainly boasted the military to carry on its dominance. The USA and other western countries have also supported the military's authoritarian rule for their own political calcultations, their fear of the threat of what they call global Islamic terrorism and the fearful anticipation that Pakistan's nuclear arsenal might slip into the hands of these terrorist groups. Therefore, the military rule has been considered as the saviour of Western interest in South and West Asia.





•BANGLADESH
Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. It consisted of the partitioned areas of Bengal and Assam from British India. The people of this region resented the domination of western Pakistan and the imposition of the Urdu language.
  • East Pakistan began protesting against West Pakistan.  Reasons :- West Pakistan unfair treatment meted out to the Bengali culture and language of East Pakistan does not have fair representation in administration and a fair share in political power. 
 Struggle for East Pakistan  
(i) Sheikh Muzib ur Rahman led the popular struggle against West Pakistani domination and demanded autonomy for the Eastern region. 

(ii) The 1970 elections in the East Pakistan, the Awami League led by Sheikh Muzib won all the seats in East Pakistan and secured a majority in the proposed constituent assembly for the whole of Pakistan. a

(iii) But the government dominated by the West Pakistani leadership refused to convene the assembly.

(iv) Sheikh Muzib was arrested under the military rule of General Yahya Khan, the Pakistani army tried to suppress the mass movement of the Bengali people. Thousands were killed by the Pakistan army.

(v) This led to a large scale migration into India, creating a huge refugee problem for India.
(vi) India supported the demand of the people of East Pakistan for their independece and helped them financially and militarily. 

(vii) This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 that ended in the surrender of the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh as an independent country.

(viii) In 1972, Shimla agreement signed between India and Pakistan.





















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Contemporary South Asia - [Part I] - Class 12 






Contemporary south asia - [part II] - Political Science - class 12 






Contemporary South Asia - [Part III] - Political Science - Class 12 






Comments

  1. Unknown3 May 2021 at 08:21

    Sister thank u for the notes which is helpful and it keeps the best notes

    ReplyDelete
  2. Anonymous6 July 2023 at 08:07

    Thank you so much please make notes on class 12 macro economics

    ReplyDelete
  3. Anonymous16 August 2023 at 08:59

    Can you send me this pd on my Whatsapp no is 6006033704 pleas it ny request

    ReplyDelete

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