Handwritten Notes

  Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Chapter-6 After occurrence of crime , police arrests the accused person, registers an FIR, then  after investigation police files a charge sheet in magistrate's court. Then court decides whether the accused person is guilty or not in a defined way as mentioned under laws in constitution According to Article 22 of the Constitution, every person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by a lawyer. 39A Article  of the Constitution places a duty upon the State to provide a lawyer to any citizen who is unable to hire  one due to poverty or other disability. 4 key players in the criminal justice system are:   The police The   Public Prosecutor The defense lawyer   The   judge Role of the Police in Investigating a Crime  To investigate any complaint about  crime.  The investigation includes recording statements of witnesses and collecting different kinds of...

Judiciary chapter-5,class-8th,civics  Laws apply equally to all persons and a set of procedures is followed when a law is violated. To enforce rule of law, there is mechanism of courts which is called as judicial system. What is the Role of the Judiciary? Function of the judiciary can be divided into the following: Dispute Resolution:  Judiciary  resolves disputes between citizens, between citizens and the government, between two state governments and between the center and state governments. Judicial Review:  Judiciary has the power to declare  any law null and void  passed by the Parliament, if there is   violation of the basic structure of the Constitution. This is called as judicial review. Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights:  Every citizen of India can  directly approach the Supreme Court or the High Court if their fundamental rights are violated. Supreme court of India was established on 26 January 1950,the day...

Understanding laws chapter -4 class -8th civics  Parliament is in the charge of making laws  and all laws apply equally to everyone. Do Laws Apply to All? There is no arbitrary exercise of power in independent India.  India have established rule of law. Rule of law means all the laws apply equally to all citizens of the country No discrimination on the basis of religion, race caste sex or place of birth. No one is above the law.  Any crime or violation of law has a specific punishment given in constitution and other acts. Views of historians on introduction of rule of law in India by British colonialists; Colonial law was arbitrary ,Indian law is not .for eg; sedition act 1870 Indian nationalists played a lead role in the legal field of British India. How Do New Laws Come About? Parliament has an important role in making laws. There are many ways through which it happens: Parliament laws come after realizing sensitivity to the problems faced by people. for eg; domest...

Why do we need parliament?  Class 8th civics  Democracy is best best expressed in the institute of parliament. Parliament enables the citizens of India to participate in decision making and control the government. Why Should People Decide?  people 's choice and decisions matters in a democracy because: Main thing for a democracy is the desire   consent, approval, and participation of the people . The citizen is the most important person in democracy ,govt. and public institutes are answerable to people. The people are the one who elects their representatives and sent them to the parliament. The Role of the Parliamen t The Indian Parliament is an expression of the faith that the people of India have in principles of democracy. The Parliament in the Indian system has vast powers as it represents the people. Elections to the Parliament are held in both direct and indirect ways. The Lok Sabha is elected after every 5 years. India has 543 constituencies. every  ...

Understanding Secularism Class 8th Civics  Discrimination, exclusion and persecution on the grounds of religion In history there has been many examples of discrimination based on religion .Jews 's persecution in Germany, millions were killed .The Jewish State of Israel treats its own Muslim and Christian minorities quite badly. In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are not allowed to build a temple, church etc., and nor can they gather in a public place for prayers. What is Secularism ?   A principle or strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism refers to this as separation of religion from the State. Importance of Separating Religion from the State   To prevent   the tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights of people. To protect the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion ,embrace other religion and freedom to freedom their religious teachings in  their own way. Concept of Indian secul...